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Endocrine therapy (ET) has changed the natural history of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) and is the cornerstone of the treatment of HR+ BC. There are several ETs approved for the treatment of BC, including selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; tamoxifen), aromatase inhibitors (AIs; anastrazole, letrozole and exemestane) and selective oestrogen receptor degraders (SERDs; fulvestrant […]

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a cancer of the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree in the liver and can occur both inside the liver (intrahepatic CCA [iCCA]) and outside the liver (extrahepatic CCA, which includes both perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma) (Figure 1). Figure 1: A diagram showing the anatomical locations of the different subtypes of biliary tract […]

Outcomes for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer have steadily improve due to discovery of new drugs as well as increasing number patients undergoing local therapies.1 Angiogenesis is of a paramount importance in this disease and since vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) discovery several drugs targeting this pathway have been developed.2,3 Fruquintinib (HMPL-013) is a tyrosine kinase […]

The uniquely designed Prostate Biomarker (ProBio) study (NCT03903835) used outcome-adaptive randomization to compare biomarker-driven treatment selection against physician’s choice, and to compare androgen receptor inhibitors (ARPIs) against standard-of-care (SOC) and taxanes in castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). To learn more about the trials unique design, the details surrounding the biomarker signatures investigated and the treatments compared, […]

Bladder cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the USA, with an estimated 81,180 new cases and 17,100 deaths in 2022.1 Advanced urothelial carcinoma (aUC) includes both locally advanced, unresectable and metastatic urothelial cancer. About 5% of all bladder cancer cases present as de novo aUC, while almost 25% of patients present with muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). About 50% of these patients progress to aUC even with intent-to-cure locoregional therapy, […]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer accounts for 15% of all breast cancers.1 This breast cancer subtype was historically associated with poor outcomes; however, the development of HER2-directed therapies has dramatically improved outcomes for patients with both early and advanced HER2+ disease.2 Currently, there are several types of HER2-targeted agents approved for the […]

Cancers of the oesophagus and oesophagogastric junction (OGJ), termed upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancers, are lethal and constitute a significant public health problem. In 2020, 604,000 cases and 544,000 UGI cancer-related deaths were estimated worldwide.1 UGI cancers are the seventh most frequently diagnosed cancer and the sixth most common cause of cancer-related death.1 In the USA, there were […]

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous haematological malignancy characterized by the presence of ≥20% blasts in bone marrow or peripheral blood or the presence of defined genetic abnormalities.1 In 2020, there were an estimated 21,450 new patients with AML and 11,180 AML-related deaths in the USA.2 Most mutated myeloid stem cells proliferate due to genetic alterations, […]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a biologically aggressive form of breast cancer defined by the absence of the oestrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, as well as lack of amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC accounts for up to 20% of breast cancers, and metastatic TNBC (mTNBC) is associated with worse […]