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The majority (60–75%) of all breast cancers have oestrogen and/or progesterone receptors.1 Endocrine treatment constitutes the therapeutic backbone for patients with this cancer subtype unless there is a visceral crisis or concern/proof of endocrine resistance,2 as recommended by the third European School of Oncology (ESO)/European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) international consensus guidelines for Advanced […]

Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumors constitute less than 2% of all gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. The incidence of the largest group of patients, those with small intestinal carcinoid tumors, is two to 2.4 per 100,000 inhabitants.The true incidence is probably underestimated due to sometimes vague clinical presentation and low awareness among physicians. The incidence in autopsy series […]

Endocrine therapy (ET) has changed the natural history of hormone receptor-positive (HR+) breast cancer (BC) and is the cornerstone of the treatment of HR+ BC. There are several ETs approved for the treatment of BC, including selective oestrogen receptor modulators (SERMs; tamoxifen), aromatase inhibitors (AIs; anastrazole, letrozole and exemestane) and selective oestrogen receptor degraders (SERDs; fulvestrant […]

Breast cancer is one of the most common types of cancers and will affect one in eight women in their lifetime.1 With the majority of breast cancers being estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, a large proportion of women will receive adjuvant endocrine therapy to prevent recurrence. Endocrine therapy represents a highly effective therapeutic option, with 5-year survival […]

Since the approval of palbociclib in 2015,1 cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 inhibitors have been a heavily-researched and discussed class of medication for the management of metastatic, hormone receptor positive (HR+), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-unamplified (HER2-) breast cancer. Because their approval and rise to prominence was based on benefit seen in progression-free survival […]

Introduction Neuroendocrine gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) tumours constitute less than 2% of all gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies. The incidence of the largest group of patients, those with small intestinal carcinoid tumours, is two to 2.4 per 100,000 inhabitants. The true incidence is probably underestimated due to sometimes vague clinical presentation and low awareness among physicians. The incidence in […]

Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) comprise a heterogenous group of malignancies with diverse clinical behaviour determined by tumour characteristics such as grade, differentiation and primary tumour origin.1 While neuroendocrine carcinomas are poorly differentiated aggressive malignancies, well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) tend to be slow growing.2 Despite this, more than 50% of patients with NETs are diagnosed with metastatic disease. […]

Radiation therapy as a means to improve outcome for a patient suffering from medulloblastoma was first used by Cushing in the 1920s. In 1953 Patterson and Farr reported their success on 27 medulloblastoma patients treated with craniospinal irradiation.1 As technology has improved, radiation oncologists have developed techniques to deliver higher-energy radiation beams that are more […]

Globally, breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer death in women.1 More than 1.67 million cases of breast cancer were recorded in 2012, accounting for around 11.9% of all new cancer cases and 25.1% in women.2 Oestrogen receptor- (ER)-positive breast cancer accounts for 75% of breast cancers in […]