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Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a cancer of the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree in the liver and can occur both inside the liver (intrahepatic CCA [iCCA]) and outside the liver (extrahepatic CCA, which includes both perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma) (Figure 1). Figure 1: A diagram showing the anatomical locations of the different subtypes of biliary tract […]

Key points Olutasidenib induces durable responses in patients with relapsed or refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) mutations in the phase I and II clinical trials. The side effects of olutasidenib are well known and highly manageable. Olutasidenib represents a therapeutic advance for these patients with a poor prognosis. Olutasidenib received the […]

Adult-type diffuse low-glade gliomas (LGGs) (World Health Organization [WHO] grade 2) represent 5–10% of all primary brain tumours.1 The median age of onset is in the third and fourth decades of life. Common clinical presentations include seizures, focal neurological deficits, and new-onset headaches.2 Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrates T1 signal hypointensity and T2/fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintensity […]

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of adenocarcinomas that originate from the epithelial lining of the biliary tree and are classified into cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder cancer. BTC is an aggressive and rare epithelial malignancy that is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with few effective therapeutic options.1 CCA is divided into extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, with the extrahepatic […]

In recent years, our understanding of the complement system and its role in disease has increased dramatically. With the advent of complement 5 (C5) and C3 inhibitors, our ability to manipulate the complement system has improved the outcomes and quality of life for patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and atypical haemolytic–uraemic syndrome.1–3 More recently, this understanding […]

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous haematological malignancy characterized by the presence of ≥20% blasts in bone marrow or peripheral blood or the presence of defined genetic abnormalities.1 In 2020, there were an estimated 21,450 new patients with AML and 11,180 AML-related deaths in the USA.2 Most mutated myeloid stem cells proliferate due to genetic alterations, […]

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogenous group of cancers arising from the biliary epithelium. While they account for around 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies, they are the second most common primary liver cancer.1 CCAs tend to metastasize and have early lymph node involvement. As a result, only a small proportion of patients are considered for surgical management, […]

RELATIVITY-047 reported on the initial efficacy and safety of relatlimab (RELA), an antibody to lymphocyte-activating gene 3 (LAG-3), in combination with nivolumab (NIVO), an antibody to programmed cell death 1 (PD-1).1 These positive findings add to the existing evidence for the efficacy of anti-PD-1 therapy – either alone or in combination with ipilimumab (IPI), an antibody […]

Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, chronic haematological illness. The condition presents on a background of bone marrow failure, and affected individuals can experience an array of symptoms due to chronic haemolysis, as well as episodes of acute haemolysis and thrombotic events.1 Diagnostic delays in PNH are common as not all patients experience classical symptoms, […]