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Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a cancer of the epithelial cells lining the biliary tree in the liver and can occur both inside the liver (intrahepatic CCA [iCCA]) and outside the liver (extrahepatic CCA, which includes both perihilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma) (Figure 1). Figure 1: A diagram showing the anatomical locations of the different subtypes of biliary tract […]

Biliary tract cancers (BTCs) are a heterogeneous group of adenocarcinomas that originate from the epithelial lining of the biliary tree and are classified into cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and gallbladder cancer. BTC is an aggressive and rare epithelial malignancy that is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage with few effective therapeutic options.1 CCA is divided into extrahepatic and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, with the extrahepatic […]

Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are a heterogenous group of cancers arising from the biliary epithelium. While they account for around 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies, they are the second most common primary liver cancer.1 CCAs tend to metastasize and have early lymph node involvement. As a result, only a small proportion of patients are considered for surgical management, […]

Urothelial carcinoma is the most common histologic type of bladder cancer in the USA and Europe, accounting for 90% of all bladder cancers. It is the sixth most common type of cancer diagnosed in the USA, and the 10th leading cause of cancer death, with an estimated 17,980 deaths predicted in 2020.1 Although the 5-year survival […]

In 2020, an estimated 147,950 patients will be diagnosed with colorectal cancer (CRC) in the USA, with 53,200 deaths expected.1 While many patients with CRC are cured, metastatic CRC (mCRC) is still a prevalent disease, and systemic therapy options have markedly improved outcomes in patients with unresectable metastatic disease in the last several decades. Cytotoxic […]

Cholangiocarcinoma constitutes approximately 3% of all gastrointestinal malignancies, and the incidence is on the rise, especially the intrahepatic subtype. These tumors are anatomically broadly classified into intrahepatic, perihilar, and distal cholangiocarcinoma. Recent understanding of tumorigenesis pathways has shown that there exists notable differences in molecular pathogenesis between the intrahepatic versus extrahepatic versus gallbladder cancers.1 For instance, […]

Cholangiocarcinoma is an epithelial malignancy of the biliary system characterized by cholangiocyte differentiation, and its incidence is on the rise. Currently, cholangiocarcinomas are classified by their anatomical location in the biliary system as intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, distal cholangiocarcinoma, or hilar cholangiocarcinoma. Since 2010, the standard of care in all advanced, inoperable biliary tract cancers has been combination […]