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Gastro-oesophageal cancers (GEC), which include both gastric (GC) and oesophageal cancers (EC), are among the most common cancers globally.1 In the USA, the American Cancer Society estimated 20,640 new diagnoses of EC and 26,380 new diagnoses of GC, each contributing to 16,410 and 11,090 deaths, respectively, in 2022 alone.2,3 GEC is divided based on the histology of squamous […]

Squamous cell cancers of the head and neck (SCCHN) include a range of diseases consisting of cancers of the lip, gums, tongue, salivary glands, other oral cavity sites, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx and larynx. Locally advanced (LA) SCCHN tumours are at a stage at which they have locally spread from the primary site but […]

Worldwide, cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer in women and seventh most common cancer overall. In 2012, approximately 528,000 new cervical cancer cases were diagnosed globally. Cervical cancer accounted for 7.5% of all female cancer deaths with approximately 266,000 deaths; the majority (87%) of these deaths occurred in developing countries.1,2 In Europe, the […]

Endometrial cancer has become an increasingly significant cause of morbidity and mortality for women. Currently, endometrial cancer is the most common invasive gynaecologic malignancy, and the ninth most common cancer among women in the USA, accounting for approximately 65,620 new cancer cases and 12,590 deaths in 2020.1 The 5-year relative survival rate is estimated to be […]

Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is encoded by a proto-oncogene with important roles in the promotion of cell proliferation, differentiation and angiogenesis via the activation of Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) downstream signalling after it forms homodimers or heterodimers with other HER family members.1–2 HER2 overexpression, […]

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide1 and remains one of the major therapeutic challenges in oncology. Traditionally, lung cancer is subdivided based on histology: small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) have completely different molecular and therapeutic profiles. The most common class is NSCLC, accounting for 85% […]

Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) is a heterogeneous haematologic cancer associated with clonal expansion of myeloid blasts in the bloodstream, bone marrow and other tissues. AML is associated with blasts expressing various complex molecular and cytogenetic alterations, which play an important role in disease prognostication. The median age of AML diagnosis is 67 years with nearly […]